21 September 2014: Musa and Magicians Duel, Scottish Independence

21 September 2014: Musa and Magicians Duel, Scottish Independence

Musa and Magicians Duel
 
Musa* has 2 objectives from Allah:
- Talk to Pharaoh and convince him about Islam
- Ask Pharaoh to free Bani Israel as he has been oppressive
He entered into Pharaoh’s court and made his demands and showed his miracles but Pharaoh didn’t but it.
Egyptian Headlines

We started off with some mock news headlines that we could expect from this propaganda battle between Pharaoh and his elite with the Muslims of the day = Musa* (referenced to today’s tabloid reaction to Muslims):

Egyptian Propaganda
Issues from the discussion of headlines and how the propaganda would be spun!:
- Terror threat as Musa challenges Pharaoh
- No real magic
- Ministry of Magic to train the best / brightest talent
- Society based upon superstitions and magicians (as priests) provide link between gods and people
- Role of magic in Egyptian society to control the people and show godliness of Pharaoh
- Egypt was the most advanced society and yet Bani Israel wanted out of the structure of civilisation
- Musa*’s demands were a direct challenge to the authority of Pharaoh and if Pharaoh accepted demands it would show weakness and his power would collapse
- Bani Israel was a foreign community and kept themselves distinct and easy target for bigotry
- Not too different between how Muslim’s of today are exposed to propaganda when compared to the Muslims at the time of Musa*
Pharaoh was not impressed with the display of miracles and said it was cheap magic and assumed that Musa* wanted to overtake his authority and take control, come to power and overthow the government of the time. Pharaoh knew that he couldn’t give in to Musa* if he wanted to keep his power and control. Hence, this was an existential threat to how society has been run.
[ Just like to day Muslims want to dismantle the oppression of modern governments and implement the Justice of Allah over the people. For example, aim to eradicate poverty and provide basic necessities for all citizens. This would be funded by exploiting natural resources (oil wealth, whatever is mined underground) for the benefit of the whole population not just a few families or elite. ]

Pharaoh rejects the Miracles and summons his magicians
Pharaoh claimed the miracles of the Prophet Musa* were a magician's tricks, and according to his shallow mindset believed that they could be undone by his own magicians. Therefore, he could allegedly defeat the Prophet Musa* to regain his leverage.
He said, "Have you come to us to expel us from our land by means of your magic, Moses? We will bring you magic to match it. So fix a time between us and you which neither we nor you will fail to keep at a place where we can meet halfway."
He (Moses) said, "Your time is the day of the festival. The people should gather in the morning." (Surah Ta-Ha: 57-59)
Musa* chose the festival where most people would be and he knew this as he grew up in this environment. In this way, all the people would hear the message of the Prophet Musa* and witness the defeat of Pharaoh and his magicians. Pharaoh summoned the top magicians from all over Egypt and told them of what ‘tricks’ Musa had which they needed to compete with. They demanded what payment they would receive and they were promised fame, money, power and influence.
(They said) "To bring you all the skilled magicians."
The magicians came to Pharaoh and they asked, "Will we receive a reward if we are the winners?"
He (Pharaoh) said, "Yes, and you will be among those brought near." (Surat al-A'raf: 112-114)


The Battle commences...
The most able magicians of Egypt were brought against the Musa* and the Harun. The Prophet Musa* was asked to decide who should start after he gave them one last chance to change their mind:
Moses said to them, "Woe to you! Do not fabricate lies against Allah or He will annihilate you with His punishment. Fabricators of lies are bound to fail."
They argued among themselves about the matter and had a secret conference.
They said, "These two magicians desire by their magic to expel you from your land and abolish your most excellent way of life, so decide on your scheme and then arrive together in force. He who gains the upper hand today will definitely prosper." (Surah Ta-Ha: 60-64)
They said, "Moses, will you throw or shall we be the first to throw?" He said, "No, you throw!"
And suddenly their ropes and staffs appeared to him, by their magic, to be slithering about. (Surah Ta-Ha: 65-66)
He (Moses) said, "You throw." And when they threw, they cast a spell on the people's eyes and caused them to feel great fear of them. They produced an extremely powerful magic. (Surat al-A'raf: 116)
When the (about 70 or so) magicians performed their magic, their ropes and staffs appeared to slither. As Allah informs us in the verse, all were deceived into seeing ropes and staffs as moving by themselves. Just an optical illusion. All the top people in society were invited to show up Musa* but this worked against Pharaoh in the end. With their illusions, the magicians of Pharaoh won the public over.
These are the top magicians in the world at the time and if there was anyone else who could do ‘magic’ they would certainly know about it. Just like the top scientists know each other. The example of Ben Johnson ‘coming from nowhere’ to win the Olympic medal – had to be cheating! Hence, they were confident they would win and ‘magic’ was the thing that the people in society excelled in. Hence, the miracle was all the greater.
They threw down their ropes and staffs and said, "By the might of Pharaoh we are the winners." (Surat ash-Shu'ara: 44)
Moses experienced in himself a feeling of alarm. We said, "Have no fear. You will have the upper hand. Throw down what is in your right hand. It will swallow up their handiwork. Their handiwork is just a magician's trick. Magicians do not prosper wherever they go." (Surah Ta-Ha: 67-69)
When they had thrown, Moses said, "What you have brought is magic. Allah will certainly prove it false. Allah does not uphold the actions of corrupters." (Surah Yunus, 10: 81)
Following these words related in the verses, the Prophet Musa* threw down his staff. The result was terrifying for the magicians. The Prophet Musa’s*staff swallowed the sorcery of Pharaoh's magicians:
We revealed to Moses, "Throw down your staff." And it immediately swallowed up what they had forged. So the Truth took place and what they did was shown to be false. They were defeated then and there, transformed into humbled men. (Surat al-A'raf: 117-119)
Unlike the illusory tricks of magicians, the Prophet Musa* worked a real miracle by his staff. Consequently, contrary to what the unbelievers expected, the Prophet Musa* defeated the magicians. So, everybody witnessed that Allah's promise was true. 


Main topic: Scottish Independence

What can link Scottish Independence vote with Islam...?
55% has voted for Scotland to remain as part of the Union with England, Wales and Northern Ireland against 45% who voted for independence. So what can be learned?
- Turnout: The very high turnout of around 90% indicates something important – people are generally disillusioned with main-stream politics / democracy where only 60% vote. Westminster politicians are disconnected from the ordinary people with politicians considered to be amongst the least trustworthy of all.
- Britain has an identity crisis! Does being ‘British’ or ‘Scottish’ depend upon geography, ancestry, tribe, skin colour or language? It is simply not about culture or a shared history. It is about beliefs and values. After 300 years the Union of England and Scotland, capitalism has failed to melt people together in a single nation state into one identity. What do we consider our identity to be here?
- As a Muslim we should be unified as we are One Ummah: One Book, One Allah, One seal of Prophets. The idea / concept of a ‘Nation State’ was and is associated with the rise of the modern system of states, often called the "Westphalian system" in reference to the Treaty of Westphalia (1648). Modern Muslim countries are only about one hundred years old or younger and have no justification in Islam. Nationalism is an alien concept to Muslims – although we acknowledge where we come from we don’t have allegiance to the soil. Many countries were drawn up by 2 people: The Sykes–Picot Agreement was a secret agreement between the governments of the United Kingdom and France defining their proposed spheres of influence and control in the Middle East upon defeating the Ottoman Empire. The agreement was concluded on 16 May 1916.

13 January 2013 Quiz 4

Harborne Islamic Study Circle Quiz (4) - Questions

1    Give 1 reason why mothers are so important in Islam [5 marks]
a)   

2    What are the 5 Pillars of Islam [20 marks]
a)   
b)   
c)   
d)   
e)    


3    What are the 6 articles of Belief (Aqeeda) e.g., Belief in ……[24 marks]
a)   
b)   
c)   
d)   
e)   
f)   
 
4    To pass exams you must
a)    Do nothing and hope to pass
b)    Prepare to pass
c)    Trust in yourself

5    Which leader of the Quraish came to Medina to negotiate extending the Treaty of Hudaibiyah
a)    Khalid bin Walid
b)    Abu Sufyan
c)    Abu Lahab

6    How many Hadith are there in Imam Nawawi’s famous book: Nawawi’s 40 Hadith?
a)    40
b)    41
c)    42
 
7    Which Muslim survivor of the Battle of Badr tried to tip the Quraish off about the Invasion of Mecca ?
a)    Muzaynah
b)    Hatib
c)    Abu Ruhm Al- Ghifari

8    What topped the Survey responses about what people want to study in the Study Circle in 2012?
a)    Life of other Prophets
b)    Music and clapping
c)    Celebrating Birthdays

9    Concerning Belief in Allah, can Allah build a wall over which He cannot jump?
a)    Yes – as Allah can do anything
b)    No – because he can’t jump it
c)    It’s a wrong question as we are trying to limit Allah
 
10    The linguistic meaning of the word Shariah is
a)     How to make laws in Islam
b)    Striving with all your effort for the sake of Allah
c)    a non-exhaustive source of water with which people satisfy their thirst.
 
11    List  5 ways of getting to Jannah (paradise) [10 marks]
a)   
b)   
c)   
d)   
e)   

12    Roughly how many Surahs (chapters) of the Qur’an were revealed in Mecca (Meccan Verses)
a)    28
b)    86
c)    114

13    In the Qur’an, sometimes verses revealed later may cancel verses revealed earlier during the life of the Prophet*. This is technically known as
a)    Abrogation
b)    Abdication
c)    Annihilation

14    Fiqh has two meanings: Having the knowledge of the rulings of Shariah (Islamic Law) which are extracted from the legislative sources; or all the Islamic laws. Usul al-Fiqh refers to:
a)    The types of laws in the Shariah
b)    The rules of grammar in the Arabic language that define the meaning of the Ayah or Hadith
c)    the principles by which the scholar derives the legal rules of conduct from the specific evidences

15    When the Prophet conquered Mecca (Fatteh Mecca)
a)    There was widespread bloodshed
b)    The people of Mecca stayed in the hills for 3 days
c)    He entered peacefully thanking Allah

16    When the Prophet conquered Mecca he forgave all the people except a few on a Blacklist. Some of the main reasons for being on the blacklist were:
a)    Insulting the Prophet and leaving Islam
b)    Killing the Prophet’s Uncle (Hamzah)
c)    Fighting against the Prophet in a battle or two

17    The Treaty of Hudaibiyah was a clear victory for Islam because
a)    It made the first Islamic State a political reality
b)    The Muslims were allowed to do dawah in Mecca
c)    The Quraish could start trading again

18    When the Prophet conquered Mecca he talked about their ignorant practices (related to Jahilliyah), and then he said: 
a)    Being an Arab was inferior to other people
b)    Being and Arab was superior to non-Arabs
c)    Race didn’t matter in the Eyes of Allah

19    To convince Safwan bin Umayyah that he had been forgiven by the Prophet, Umayr took a token from the Prophet. This was the Prophet’s
a)    sandals
b)    turban
c)    cloak

20    When looking at the nature of matter, universe and Allah, which of the following is FALSE:
a)    everything we can sense is limited
b)    all things must be created
c)    the universe is unlimited

21    Concerning the Allah’s existence
a)    Allah was created by someone else
b)    Allah is eternal and self-subsistent
c)    Allah created Himself

22    Concerning our Belief in Allah, Allah commands us all to
a)    Toss a coin to see if Allah exists
b)    Just hope or have a leap of faith in Allah’s existence
c)    Have firm Conviction in belief in Allah’s existence

23    What is ‘DALEEL’
a)    the source or evidence for a thought, concept, or a ruling
b)    The anti-Christ
c)    One of the Gates of Paradise

24    Name three things you can learn from a knock on the door [6 Marks]
a)   
b)   
c)   

25    Where is Allah?
a)    Everywhere
b)    No-where
c)    On His Throne

26    What did the woman shout to Amr bin Salama when he was leading the prayer as a boy
a)    “Can you get him a nice shirt to wear”
b)    "Won't you cover the backside (bottom) of your reciter for us?"
c)    “Yo boy! You recited that verse wrong!”
 
27    How many Muslims were with the Prophet in the Conquest of Mecca
a)    1000
b)    10,000
c)    100,000
 
28    How many Muslims were with the Prophet in the Battle of Hunain
a)    1200
b)    12,000
c)    124,000

29    Who did the Prophet leave in Mecca (during Hunain) to instruct new converts in all matters that concerned the religion.
a)    Mu'adh ibn Jabal
b)    Abu Musa al-Ashari
c)    Abu Hurairah
 
30    When talking about hadith, Qur’an and Hadith Mutawatir is generally:
a)    considered Qata’i (conclusive) in its Riwayah (report / source)
b)    considered Dhanni (Non-Definite) in its Riwayah (report / source)
c)    considered less authentic than Khabar Ahad
 
31    Concerning the Shariah of Muslims
a)    Muslims should use their mind to make up their own laws based on what they think is right just as in democratic countries?
b)    Muslims shouldn’t follow something 1400 years old because it is likely to be out of date
c)    Muslims should have confidence that Allah’s Laws can still be applied today

32    In which month it is Fard/Obligatory for Muslims to fast between Dawn & sunset
a)    August
b)    Dhul-Hijjah
c)    Ramadhan
 
33    What are the main instincts in human beings
a)    Survival (self-preservation), Procreation or sexual/family, and Religiousness/worship
b)    Survival (self-preservation), eating and sleeping
c)    eating food and drink, sleeping, breathing and going to the toilet
 
34    During the Battle of Hunain (Hawazin), what did the Prophet pick up and throw at the enemy to turn the tide in favour of the Muslims
a)    A javelin
b)    A sonic screw-driver
c)    a handful of earth / dirt

35    Name 3 benefits of asking Allah for things [9 marks]
a)   
b)   
c)   

36    Immediately following the victory at Hunain (Hawazin) the Muslims had
a)    Finally beaten their fear of fighting
b)    Managed to get huge spoils of war
c)    Wiped out all polytheism in Arabia

37    Which of the following weapons did the Muslims NOT USE during the Battle (Siege) of Ta'if
a)    A military vehicle (Testudo or ‘Tank’) made of wood and was covered with a thick hide
b)    A Drone
c)    A catapult

38    Regarding ‘Fasting’ in Islam, ‘Eating & Drinking’ is defined as:
a)    Putting any food or drink in the mouth
b)    the entering of only food into the throat and its swallowing only if it reaches the stomach
c)    the entering of something into the throat and its swallowing, i.e. its entering into the Gullet/Oesophagus breaks the fast without any stipulation that it reaches the stomach or lungs

39    The month of Ramadhan starts on
a)    Sighting of full moon
b)    Sighting of new moon
c)    Calculation of moon times

40    When deciding when to fast we should
a)    Always follow our local mosque
b)    Always follow what most in the community are doing
c)    Always follow the first observable sighting of the moon wherever in the world it is seen

41    Immediately after the Battle of Hunain the Helpers (Al-Ansar) were Furious at The Prophet because
a)    They thought he would stay in Mecca
b)    They didn’t get any Spoils of War
c)    The Prophet prayed for forgiveness for them and their children

42    Before the Battle of Tabuk, Ali is upset about being left in Medina because
a)    He was left with mainly hypocrites in Medina
b)    He would miss out on the Spoils of War
c)    He wasn’t made in charge of Medina

43    List 5 different Prophets with their different Miracles [15 marks]
a)   
b)   
c)   
d)   
e)   

44    On the way to the Battle of Tabuk The Muslims passed by the ruins of Thamud. Which Prophet is associated with this Thamud area
a)    Saleh
b)    Aad
c)    Hud

45    Which Muslim Sahabae died alone in the desert in his old age, as was prophesised by the Prophet during the journey to Tabuk
a)    Abu Dharr
b)    Ka’b ibn Malik
c)    Abu Khaythamah

46    List (in Arabic or English) the 5 different categories of Hukm Shariah Actions [25 marks]
a)   
b)   
c)   
d)   
e)   

47    What is mankind’s greatest weapon
a)    The Atom Bomb
b)    The Internet
c)    The Mind and his thoughts

48    The Battle of Tabuk was a great test for the people because
a)    It was far away and a very hot summer
b)    The Romans were not good at fighting
c)    The people of Medina needed to plant date seeds

49    What 4 things are needed to be able to THINK?
a)    The Mind (brain), The Senses (to interact or interface the two), Previous information or knowledge
b)    The Mind (brain), The Reality around us, The Senses (to interact or interface the two), Previous information or knowledge
c)    The Mind (brain), The Reality around us, The Senses (to interact or interface the two), and walking naked into a thorny bush

50    Why does Allah send us Messengers / Prophets
a)    So we can be guided to worship Allah by them
b)    So we can marvel at their miracles
c)    So we can make rude YouTube videos about them

51    Name the 3 Fundamental Questions of life (as in the Belief Pathway) [9 marks]
a)   
b)   
c)   

52    If the Prophet* leads the army in a battle it is known as
a)    a Mohjiza
b)    a Sirayah
c)    a Ghazwah

53    What is the name of the Charity that we raised over £13,000 for last year
a)    Shahnam Charity
b)    Shahzadi Charity
c)    Shukran Charity

54    The sister of a rich Christian was captured in the raid on Mahallat Hatim and she begged the Prophet* to have mercy on her. Who was her brother?
a)    ‘Alqamah bin Mujazziz Al-Mudlaji
b)    Adi bin Hatim
c)    Dahhak bin Sufyan Al-Kilabi
 
55    What was Ka’b ibn Malik doing when he first heard that Allah had accepted his repentance
a)    Praying on his rooftop
b)    Out hunting for his dinner
c)    Shopping in the main Bazaar

56    Many verses in which Surah were revealed after the Battle of Tabuk
a)    Surah at-Taubah
b)    Surah al-Anfaal
c)    Surah al-Ahzab  

57    What challenge does Allah give to the enemies of Islam to disprove the Miracle of the Qur’an
a)    Bring ye a camel of gold and call (to your aid) whomsoever ye can other than God! If ye speak the truth
b)    Bring ye then ten surahs (chapters) forged, like unto it, and call (to your aid) whomsoever ye can other than God! If ye speak the truth
c)    Bring ye then a miracle of the stone, and call (to your aid) whomsoever ye can other than God! If ye speak the truth

58    Lots of leaders and tribes (delegations) became Muslim and pledged allegiance to the Prophet* and to the Islamic State. In Arabic this pledge is known as
a)    A jahilliyah
b)    A bayah
c)    A burda
 
59    Hadith Qudsi is special because
a)    It refers to aspects of Belief (Aqeeda)
b)    It is the Words of Allah but not in Qur’an
c)    It is unlikely to be fabricated / false

60    List the 4 sources of Law in Islam (Arabic or English words) [8 marks]
a)   
b)   
c)   
d)   

61    Surah Yusuf is one of the best Stories. Which lesson that we learn is NOT in this Surah:
a)    Children Respecting Parents
b)    Parents talking nicely to children
c)    Brothers are allowed to be jealous and kill each other

62    The death of the Prophet*’s Son (Ibrahim) was followed by what coincidental event
a)    Rain in the desert
b)    An eclipse
c)    An earthquake

63    Whose idea was it to officially compile the Qur’an as a written book after many Muslims died in the war against Musailima (the Liar)
a)    Abu Bakr
b)    Umer
c)    Uthman

64    What Islamic year is it now (today!)
a)    1430
b)    1432
c)    1434

65    In Sunnah / hadith, when the Prophet is silent on a matter that happens in front of him, this means that
a)    He is angry and disapproves
b)    He approves of it but it is not compulsory
c)    He wants it to be compulsory for all Muslims

66    How many Muslims were on the Farewell Pilgrimage
a)    10,000
b)    124,000
c)    268,671

67    Who did the Prophet take with himself to visit the Graves in Medina before his illness started
a)    Abu Muwayhibah
b)    Abu Bakr
c)    Al-Abbas

68    In whose house did the Prophet die
a)    Ayesha
b)    Umm Salamah
c)    Umer

69    Why did the Muslims not bury the Prophet straight after he died?
a)    Because people didn’t believe he died
b)    Because they knew it was more important to choose a Khalifah to lead the Muslims
c)    Because they couldn’t decide where to bury him

70    What were the last words of the Prophet [10 marks]
a)   

6 January 2013 The Chronology Of The Era Of Prophet Muhammad*

There was no Study Circle holiday for the last 2 weeks over the Christmas and New Year period.

Survey on what to do after the Seerah:
http://www.surveymonkey.com/s/R7LJWBJ

Please complete the Online Survey:
We are about to finish the Seerah of the Prophet*, InshaAllah. What we would like to know is what topic people wanted to study after this on a regular basis in Future Circles. Please vote for which things you would like to discuss during the Circle. Or give your own suggestions. This shouldn't take more than 2 minutes (InshaAllah)
Q: What topic would you like to study after the Seerah is finished?
- Lives of the first 4 Khulafah (Caliph - Islamic Leaders) = Abu Bakr, Umer, Uthman and Ali
- Lives of the Prophets (Adam to Isa/Jesus)
- Other (please specify)


The Chronology Of The Era Of Prophet Muhammad*

*: May the Peace, Blessings & Mercy of Allah be upon him

Please note that many of the dates are approximate and there is no agreement on the dates of some events. We have covered most items listed here apart from some of the minor battles (Sirayya) and expeditions of the Companions during the Medinan period.

link: http://harborneislam.blogspot.com/p/chronology-of-era-of-prophet-muhammad.html

The Meccan Period

569

Prophet Muhammad* is born (12 Rabi’ al-Awwal 53 AH /17 June 569, a Monday, or 9 Rabi’ al-Awwal 51 AH/20 Apr 571, a Monday).  The Prophet* is given to the wet nurse Halima.

574

Halima brings Prophet Muhammad* to his mother in Mecca.

575

After the death of the Prophet*’s mother, Amina, the Prophet* is brought to Mecca by his nurse Umm Ayman and given to the Prophet*’s grandfather, Abdul Muttalib.

577

The Prophet*’s grandfather, Abdulmuttalib, dies. The Prophet* is given to his uncle, Abu Talib.

578

The Prophet*’s journey to Syria with his uncle, Abu Talib. The episode of Bahira, the monk, occurs.

589

? Participation in Hilf al-Fudul, a league for the relief of the distressed.

594

Prophet Muhammad* is made responsible for the trade caravan belonging to the widow Khadijah and he leads her caravan to the city of Busra. The Prophet* marries Khadijah.

605

The Prophet* arbitrates in a dispute among the Quraish tribe about where to place the Black Stone in the Kaaba during repairs.

610

The first revelation in the cave of Mt. Hira, the revelation of the first five verses of Surat al-Alaq (27 [?] Ramadhan). The Prophet* starts the Private Phase of his Dawa by inviting selected family and friends

613

After the declaration at Mt. Sara, the Prophet* invites people to Islam, starting with his closest relatives. The Prophet* starts the Public Phase of his Dawa by open preaching in society.

614

The weak Muslims are persecuted and tortured by the Quraish.

615

The first emigration to Abyssinia.

616

The second emigration to Abyssinia. Hamza converts to Islam. Umer converts to Islam, the Prophet* and the first Muslims leave the House of Arqam.

The Hashim and Muttalib tribes meet near where Abu Talib lives to protect Prophet Muhammad*. The unbelievers start social and economic boycotts against the Muslims.

619

The boycott is lifted.

620

Abu Talib and Khadijah die (The year of sorrow).

Prophet Muhammad* is married to Sawda bint Zam‘a.(Ramadan).

The Prophet* takes a journey to Taif with Zaid b. Harisa and returns to Mecca, under the protection of Mut‘im b. Adi (Shawwal). A group of people from the Khazraj tribe in Medina meet with the Prophet* and become Muslim during the season of pilgrimage at Aqaba (Dhu al-Hijjah). The Prophet* starts the Nusrah (Support) stage of his Dawa.

621

The marriage of the Prophet* to Aisha. The Miraj (Ascension) and the prescription of the five daily prayers (27 Rajab).

First allegiance at Aqaba. Prophet Muhammad* sends Mus‘ab b. Umair to Medina to teach Islam (Dhu al-Hijjah).

622

Second allegiance at Aqaba (Dhu al-Hijjah).

The Madinan Period

1/622

After the second Aqaba allegiance Muslims start to migrate to Medina (Muharram/July). The meeting of unbelievers at Dar al-Nadwa; a decision is taken to assassinate the Prophet* (26 Safar/9 Sept). The migration of Prophet Muhammad* with Abu Bakr; they hide in the cave of Thawr (26 Safar/9 Sept). Departure from the cave of Thawr for Medina (1 Rabi’ al-Awwal/13 Sept). Arrival at Quba (8 Rabi’ al-Awwal/20 Sept). The Masjid at Quba is established (Rabi’ al-Awwal/ Sept). The Prophet* leaves Quba and performs the first Friday prayer in the valley of Ranuna, arriving in Medina on the same day and settling in the house of Abu Ayyub al-Ansari (12 Rabi’ al-Awwal/24 Sept).

The start of the construction of the Masjid al-Nabawi (Rabi’al-Awwal/Sept). First adhan for prayer is called.

1/623

The establishment of brotherhood between the emigrants and the helpers (Ansar). A census is taken in Medina. The regulation of the constitutional agreement of Medina and the establishment of the boundaries of Muslim Medina (Ramadan/March).

Permission to fight against unbelievers is granted. The night campaign (Sariyya) led by Hamza, the Is campaign (Sifulbahr) (Ramadan/March).

Completion of the construction of the Masjid al-Nabawi (Shawwal/Apr). The formation of the Suffa (porch or veranda) of the Masjid al-Nabawi.

The night campaign led by Sa‘d b. Ebu Vaqqas, the Harrar campaign (Dhu al-Qi’dah /May). The establishment of the market place in Medina.

2/623

The Prophet* fasts for Ashura; this is recommended to all Muslims (10 Muharram/14 July).

The Abva campaign (Waddan) (Safar/Aug). The Buvat campaign (Rabi’ al-Awwal/Sept).

The Ushaira campaign (Zul‘ushayra) (Jumada al-awwal /Nov).

2/624

The night raid led by the commander Abdullah b. Jahsh (Rajab/Jan).

The change of the direction of prayer (qibla) from al-Masjid al-Aqsa in Jerusalem to al-Masjid al-Haram in Mecca (Rajab/Jan).

The introduction of the mandatory Ramadan fast (Sha’aban/Feb). Start of the tarawih (nightly) prayer during the month of Ramadan (1 Ramadan/26 Feb).

The battle of Badr. (17 Ramadan/ 13 March). The revelation of Surat al-Anfal. The death of the Prophet*’s daughter Ruqiyyah (Ramadan/ Mach).

Payment of alms (fitra) at the end of Ramadan becomes mandatory (Ramadan/ March). The first Eid al-Fitr (celebration after Ramadan), and the first congregational Eid prayer (1 Shawwal /27 March).

The Bani Kaynuqa campaign (Shawwal /Apr).

The marriage of Ali and Fatima. (Dhu al-Qi’dah /May or Dhu al-Hijjah/June).

The first Eid al-Adha (celebration of sacrificing an animal - sheep,/cow) (10 Dhu al-Hijjah/3 June).

The appropriation of the cemetery of Jannat al-Baqi‘(eternal heaven) after the death of Uthman b. Maz‘un of the Muhajirun (one of the emigrants during the Hijrah) (Dhu al-Hijjah/June).

Zakat (charitable alms) is prescribed.

3/624

The marriage of Uthman and Umm Qulsum, the daughter of the Prophet* (Rabi’ al-Awwal/Aug -Sept).

The death of Ka‘b b. Ashraf (14 Rabi’ al-Awwal/4 Sept).

The Zuemer campaign (Gatafan) (Rabi’ al-Awwal/Sept). The Bani Suleym campaign (Jumada al-awwal /Nov).

3/625

The Prophet*’s marriage to Hafsa (Sha’aban/Jan). The birth of Hassan (Sha’aban/Jan-Feb or 15 Ramadan/1 March). The Prophet*’s marriage to Zaynab bint Khuzaimah (Ramadan/Feb-March).

The Uhud campaign (7 or 11 Shawwal /23 or 27 March). The Hamra al-Asad campaign (Started from Medina, 8 or 12 Shawwal /24 or 28 March).

4/625

The Raji‘ episode (the night campaign by Mersed b. Abu Mursad.) (Safar/July). The Bi’rimauna episode (Safar/July). The Bani Nadir campaign (Rabi’ al-Awwal/Aug).

First order of prohibition of wine (Rabi’ al-Awwal/Aug -Sept).

The death of Zaynab bint Khuzaimah, the Prophet*’s wife (Rabi’ al-thani/Oct).

4/626

The conversion of Bani Abs group into Islam in Medina.

The birth of Hussain (5 Sha’aban/10 Jan). The marriage of the Prophet* with Umm Salama (Shawwal/March-Apr). The death of Fatima bint Asad, mother of Ali.

5/626

The campaign of Dhar-turriqa‘ and the introduction of the salat al-khauf (prayer for fear) (10 Muharram/11 June). The campaign of Dumat al-Jandal (25 Rabi’ al-Awwal/24 Aug).

The observation of a lunar eclipse in Medina; the khusuf prayer (prayer performed at the time of an eclipse) is led by the Prophet* (Jumada al-thani/Oct). 400 people arrive from Mudhayna and convert to Islam in Medina (Rajab/Dec).

5/627

The Bani Mustaliq campaign (Sha’aban-Ramadan/Jan-Feb). The episode of ifq (slander). The marriage of the Prophet* to Juvayreya bint Kharis. A census is taken in Medina (Shawwal /Feb-March).

The Khandaq (Ditch) campaign (Ahzab) (Dhu al-Qi’dah/Apr).

The marriage of the Prophet* to Zaynab bint Jahsh; the revelation about the prohibition of adopting children (Surah al-Ahzab 33/4-5) (Dhu al-Qi’dah/Apr).

The Bani Quraizah campaign (end of Dhu al-Qi’dah /Apr).

6/627

The Bani Lihyan campaign (Rabi’ al-Awwal/July). The first night raid by Muhammed b. Maslama, the first Dhul-Qassa campaign (Rabi’ al-thani/Aug). The 2^nd night raid by Abu Ubaid b. Jarrah, the second Dhul-Qassa campaign (end of Rabi’ al-Awwal /Sept). The night raid by Zaid b. Haritha, the Tarif campaign (Jumada al-thani/Oct-Nov). The night raid by Zaid b. Haritha, the first Vadilkura campaign (Rajab/Nov-Dec).

6/628

Abdurrahman b. Auf is sent to Dumat al-Jandal (Sha’aban 6/Dec 627-Jan 628). The night raid by Zaid b. Haritha, the Madian campaign (Sha’aban 6/Dec 627-Jan 628). The night raid by Ali, the Fadak campaign (Sha’aban 6/Dec 627-Jan 628). The night raid by Zaid b. Haritha, the second Vadilkura campaign (Ramadan/Jan-Feb). The night raid by Abdullah b. Rawaha on Khaybar for reconnaissance (Ramadan/Feb).

The drought in Medina and the Prophet*’s prayer for rain. The eclipse of the sun and the Prophet*’s qusuf prayer (end of Shawwal /March).

Umra (lesser pilgrimage) is performed (Dhu al-Qi’dah/March). The visit of the Prophet* to the grave of his mother.

Baiyat al-Ridwan after the capture of Uthman when he was sent as envoy to Quraish (Dhu al-Qi’dah/Apr). The treaty of Hudaibiyah is drawn up (Dhu al-Hijjah/Apr). The revelation of Surat al-Fath.

The conversion of committees from the Bani Khuzaa, Bani Aslam and Bani Husheni to Islam in Medina.

7/628

The sending of envoys or diplomatic letters expounding Islam to foreign countries and rulers, particularly the emperors of Byzantium and Persia (Muharram/May). The Egyptian ruler sends Mariya to the Prophet* with several gifts.

Abu’l-As converts to Islam and is remarried to Zaynab, the Prophet*’s daughter (Muharram/May).

The Khaybar campaign (Muharram-Safar/May-June). Attempt by Zaynab bint Kharis to poison Prophet Muhammad*. The marriage of the Prophet* to Safiyya bint Huyayy. The death of the Prophet*’s wet nurse Suvayba.

The governor of Yemen, Bazan, converts to Islam (Jumada al-awwal /Sept).

The night raid of Vadilkura (Jumada al-thani/Oct).

Agreement with the Jews of Tihama.

The night raid by Umar, the Turaba campaign (Sha’aban/Dec).

The night raid by Abu Bakr, the Najd campaign (Sha’aban/Dec).

The night raid by Bashir b. Sa‘d, the Fadak campaign (Sha’aban/Dec).

7/629

The night raid by Galib b. Abdullah, the Meyfaa campaign (Ramadan /Jan).

Umrah is preformed (Dhu al-Qi’dah/March).

The marriage of Prophet Muhammad* to Umm Khabiba bint Abu Sufyan. The marriage of Prophet Muhammad* to Maymuna bint Kharis (Dhu al-Qi’dah/March).

8/629

The conversions of Khalid b. Walid, Amr b. As and Uthman b. Talha to Islam (1 Safar/31 May). Zaynab, the Prophet*’s daughter, dies (Safar/June).

The battle of Mutah (Jumada al-awwal/Sept). The night raid by Amr b. As, the Zatussalasil campaign (Jumada al-thani /Oct). The night raid by Abu Ubaida b. Jarrah, the Sifulbahr (Habat) campaign (Rajab /Nov).

The conversion of the Bani Sulaym and Bani Ghifaar tribes to Islam and their contribution to the conquest of Mecca under the command of Khalid b. Walid. Attempts by Abu Sufyan to maintain peace after the Quraish violate the Hudaibiyah Treaty.

8/630

Beginning of the campaign for the conquest of Mecca (13 Ramadan/4 Jan). The conquest of Mecca (20 Ramadan/11 Jan). The Bani Mahzum tribe converts to Islam.

Hisham b. As is sent to Yalamlam, Khalid b. Said to Uraina, and Khalid b. Velid to Nahla to demolish the idol of Uzza. Sa‘d b. Zaid al-Ashhali is sent to demolish the idol of Manat at Mushallal. Amr b. As is sent to demolish the idol of Suva‘ of the Bani Huzail at Ruhat. Tufeyl b. Amr ed-Dawsi is sent to demolish the idol of Zulkaffain of Amr b. Humama (Ramadan/ Jan).

The Hunayn campaign (11 Shawwal/1 Feb). The night raid by Halid b. Velid on Bani Jazima to invite them to Islam (Shawwal/Feb). The Taif campaign (Shawwal/Feb). Distribution of the loot from the battle of Hunayn (Dhu al-Qi’dah/Feb).

Prophet Muhammad* meets with the Shayma, daughter of his wet nurse, for the first time since leaving the family.

Prophet Muhammad* performs Umra (19 Dhu al-Qi’dah/10 March).

Amr b. As is sent to the rulers of Oman, and the brothers Jaifer and Abd b. Culenda as envoys (Dhu al-Qi’dah/March). Ala b. Hadrami is sent with Abu Hurairah to the ruler of Bahrain Mundhir b. Sava as an envoy.

The birth of Ibrahim, the son of Prophet Muhammad* (Dhu al-Hijjah /March - Apr). Committees from the Bani Sa‘laba, Bani Suda’, Bani Bahila, Bani Sumala, Bani Jarm, Ehabish, Bani Ak and Bani Huzail convert to Islam in Medina.

9/630

Zakat (alms) officials are sent to some of the cities and tribes (Muharram/Apr-May).

Abbad b. Bishr is sent to the Bani Sulaim and Bani Muzaina, Rafi‘ b. Makis al-Juhani to the Bani Juhaina, Dahhak b. Sufyan al-Kilabi to the Bani Kilab, Busr b. Sufyan al-Ka‘bi to the Bani Ka‘b, Ibnu’l-Lutbiyya al-Azdi to the Bani Zubyan, Malik b. Nuvaira to the Bani Hanzale b. Malik, and Amr b. As to Fazare and Valid b. Ukba are sent to the Bani Mustaliq to collect zakat. The night raid by Uyaina b. Hisn, the Bani Tamim campaign and the conversion of the Bani Tamim tribe to Islam in Medina (Muharram/May). The night raid by Ukkasha b. Mihsan against the Bani Bali and the Bani Uzra, the Jinab campaign.

A committee from Bani Asad converts to Islam in Medina.

The organization of the first naval campaign under the command of Alkama b. Mucazziz (Rabi’ al-Awwal/Aug). The Fuls idol of the Tay tribe is destroyed by Ali.

Prophet Muhammad* leads the funeral pray of Ashame, the ruler of Abyssinia (Rajab/Oct).

The Tabuk campaign (Rajab/Oct). The destruction of Masjid al-Dirar of the hypocrites.

The campaign led by Khalid b. Walid against Abdulmalik, the leader of the Dumat al-Jandal, agreement struck between the Prophet* and Ukaidar. Committees representing the people of Jarba, Azruh, Makna, Ayla (Aqaba) and Tabuk arrive to strike a peace agreement with the Prophet*. Dihya b. Khalifa is sent from Tabuk to Byzantine emperor Heraklaios for the 2^nd time to invite him to Islam.

Umm Qulsum, the Prophet*’s daughter, dies.

Committees from the Bani Ukayl, Bani Kalb, Bani Kilab, Bani Tucib, Bani Gatafan, Bani Hanzala b. Malik, Bani Kudaa, Bali and Bani Behra convert to Islam in Medina. The Christian Bani Taghlib arrives in Medina to make a peace treaty. Ka‘b b. Zuhair converts to Islam; the Prophet* gives his cloak to Ka‘b b. Zuhair. Envoys sent by the Bani Sa‘d b. Baker tribes to Medina and convert to Islam. The Bani Juzam committee converts to Islam at Medina. The Hemyar Kings invited to Islam and they accept Islam. A committee from the Bani Hamdan, Bani Fazare, Bani Murra & the Sakif tribe convert to Islam in Taif.

Abu Sufyan and Mugira b. Shuba are sent to demolish the idol of Lat.

9/631

The death of Abdullah b. Ubayy b. Salul, the leader of the hypocrites (Dhu al-Qi’dah/Feb).

The first Hajj (major pilgrimage) led by Abu Bakr (Dhu al-Qi’dah- Dhu al-Hijjah/March).

Ali is sent to Mecca to inform the unbelievers about the rules of the Surat al- Tawba (Dhu al-Hijjah/March).

A committee arrives from the Najran Christians in Medina and an agreement is reached with Prophet Muhammad* (Dhu al-Hijjah/Apr).

10/631

The night raid by Khalid b. Walid, the Najran campaign and the conversion of a committee from Bani Kharis to Islam in Medina (Rabi’ al-Awwal/July). The night raid by Ali, the Yemen campaign and the conversion of the Bani Mazhij to Islam (Ramadan/Dec). Jarir b. Abdullah is sent to demolish the idol and temple of Zulhalasa.

Prophet Muhammad* submits the Holy Quran to the Angel Gabriel twice. The Prophet* retires for the last twenty days of Ramadan (Ramadan/Dec).

Committees from the Bani Azd, Abna, Bani Tay, Bani Amir b. Sa‘saa, Bani Kenda, Bani Tucib, Bani Rehaviyyin, Bani Gafek, Bani Mahra, Bani Hanifa, Bani Ans, Bani Murad, Bani Abdulkays, Bani Hilal, Bani Ruha and Bani Zubaida convert to Islam in Medina.

Musailima and the liar's correspondence with the Prophet*.

10/632

The death of Ibrahim, the son of Prophet Muhammad* (29 Shawwal/28 Jan).

Departure from Medina for the final major pilgrimage (26 Dhu al-Qi’dah/23 Feb). The Farewell Sermon (9 Dhu al-Hijjah/7 March). The final circumambulation of the Kaaba (14 Dhu al-Hijjah/12 March Thursday).

A committee from the Bani Muhareb converts to Islam in Medina (Dhu al-Hijjah/March). The death of the Yemen governor Bazani; eleven governors are appointed to Yemen.

The revelation of Surat al-Nasr (Dhu al-Hijjah/March).

Rayhana bint Sham, the Prophet*’s wife, dies.

11/632

A committee from the Bani Naha converts to Islam in Medina (15 Muharram/12 Apr).

Usama's army is ordered to begin (May).

The Prophet* falls ill (27 Safar/24 May Sunday).

Aswad al-Ansi, who falsely claimed to be a prophet, dies (8 Rabi’ al-Awwal /3 June).

Prophet Muhammad* dies (13 Rabi’ al-Awwal/8 June Monday).

The burial of Prophet Muhammad* (16 Rabi’ al-Awwal/11 June Tuesday).

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