22 June 2014 Musa (4) kills an Egyptian and Fiqh of Ramadhan 2

22 June 2014
Prophet Musa (4) - accidentally kills an Egyptian and Fiqh of Ramadhan 2

Intro - Timeline of the Universe
Contextualising our existence in the scheme of the universe, we talked about a timeline. When the End of the World will be is unknown but in historical terms, it is pretty imminent – as preached by all the Prophets...
The below are just estimates based upon current scientific consensus:
13.5 Billion yrs ago – Universe Created
5 Billion yrs ago – Sun born – then Earth
3.8 Billion yrs ago – earliest life forms
1.5 Billion yrs ago – Single cell life forms with nucleus
700 million yrs ago – primitive life forms
500 million yrs ago – dinosaurs
200 million yrs ago – mammals
65 million yrs ago – dinosaurs extinct
? 400,000 yrs ago – humans
15,000 yrs ago – collective living
12,000 yrs ago – large cities / civilisation

 

 

Prophet Musa* Leaves Egypt after Accidental Killing

Allah raised Musa in the house of Pharaoh – the centre of power. When he matured he was given Hikmah and Ilmah (Wisdom and knowledge). He was tall, strong, dark skinned and had very black curly hair according to the Prophet*.

In the Qur'an Allah relates the following event about the Prophet Musa’s* life: He (Moses) entered the city at a time when its inhabitants were unaware (midnight or midday) and found two men fighting there—one from Bani Israel and the other from the Egyptians. The Israelite asked for his support against the oppressive Egyptian. So Moses pushed him back with his stick and the other person fell and died accidentally. Musa* said, "This is part of satan's handiwork. He truly is an outright and misleading enemy." [TMQ 28:15]

The Prophet Musa*’s character was one of a person who would help people. But he realised his mistake and asked Allah for support. He said, "My Lord, I have wronged myself. Forgive me." So He (Allah) forgave him. He is the Ever-Forgiving, the Most Merciful. He said, "My Lord, because of Your blessing to me, I will never be a supporter of evildoers." [TMQ 28:16-17]

Pharaoh then convened an special council / task force to investigate the killing. As this involved the Muslims of the day (Bani Israel) Pharaoh wanted to make a big deal of this and treated this death as an act of terrorism that needed to be punished and the whole community put under fear and suspicion. Propaganda started that the Muslims (Bani Israel) may even try to set up their own government or want to overthrow the Egyptian way of life.

The next day Musa* returned to the same place fearful and on his guard when the man who had sought his help the day before, shouted for help from him again. Then Moses said to him, "You are clearly a misguided man." [TMQ 28:18] but the man mistook this and thought that Musa* may harm him. But when Musa* was about to grab the man who was their common enemy, he said, "Moses! Do you want to kill me just as you killed a person yesterday? You only want to be a tyrant in the land; you do not want to be a reformer." [TMQ 28:19]

Now the news was confirmed that Musa* had done the killing and now Pharaoh would make an example of him. Hence, Pharaoh and the leading followers discussed the Prophet Musa’s* punishment, even the possibility of executing him. Someone who overheard the discussion came to warn the Prophet Musa*. Upon this warning, the Prophet Musa* left Egypt: A man came running from the furthest part of the city, saying, "Moses, the Council are conspiring to kill you, so leave! I am someone who brings you good advice." So he left there fearful and on his guard, saying, "My Lord, rescue me from the people of the wrongdoers!" [TMQ 28:20-21]

Without time to pack or prepare Musa* had to leave immediately and headed East as quick as he could go – barefoot and alone.

Main Topic: Fiqh of Ramadhan part 2

* Sawm linguistically means refraining, silence, suspension. Shariah terminology means refraining from those things that break the fast and they are: food, drink, sexual relations, excess water through mouth/nose and vomiting, with the intention of getting closer to Allah from Fajr of a day until its Maghrib.
* Niyah (intention) needs to be made every night as fasting every day is an independent act of Ibadah.
*Whoever intentionally breaks a day of fasting in Ramadhan without a rukhsah (shariah permission) commits a major sin.
* Fasting is not obliged on the young until they have become mature (buloogh). Parents can train them from any age.
* Maghrib Prayer is after the Iftar (breaking fast)
* It is obligatory upon the sick person (Mareed) and traveller (Musaafir) to make Qadaa for what he has missed of the obligatory fasting. “O you who believe! Observing As-Saum (the fasting) is prescribed for you as it was prescribed for those before you, that you may become Al-Muttaqoon” [Observing Saum (fasts)] for a fixed number of days, but if any of you is ill or on a journey, the same number (should be made up) from other days. And as for those who can fast with difficulty they have (a choice either to fast or) to feed a Miskîn (poor person) (for every day). But whoever does good of his own accord, it is better for him. And that you fast, is better for you if only you know. [TMQ 2:183-184]


Fasting is broken by:
- Breaking of the Niyah of the fast
- Eating and drinking intentionally (see below)
- Menstruation and post Childbirth bleeding
- Sexual relations
- Vomiting intentionally - Ibn ‘Umar said: “Whoever is overcome by vomiting there is no Qadaa for him, and the one who makes himself sick must make Qadaa”. Ibn ‘Abbaas said that the Messenger of Allah (saw) said: “There are three which do not break the fast of the one fasting: Vomiting, cupping and wet dreams”.


Eating and Drinking: the entering of something into the throat and its swallowing, i.e. its entering into the Gullet/Oesophagus breaks the fast without any stipulation that it reaches the stomach or lungs
- Hence fast also broken by smoking or inhaling tobacco, purposely inhaling steam or smoke, taking inhalers or sniffing smelling salts, oral vaccines
- Some medical applications are allowed, such as: scope or surgical wound (as long as it avoids intestines & lungs), EEG, ECG, CT scan, X-rays, external examinations, skin vaccines, needles for blood, dialysis, bleeding, carefully using miswak or toothpaste


The descent of anything into the Gullet breaks the fast and this is obliged by the language because language dictates that whoever swallows a solid entity has eaten or if it is liquid has had something to drink. So the descending of anything into the Gullet is considered eating or drinking and eating and drinking are breakers of the fast, so if anything is swallowed the fast is broken - whether it is nutritious or not like a pebble or handful of dirt with no difference to whether it enters as a solid unit or as powder ingested with saliva or in a form of material that is in the air and turns into a sensed (congealed) form once inside. This includes:
- As-Su’oot, It is a type of Tobacco that is crushed, sniffed and it enters into the lungs.
- The smoking of Tobacco and the smoke of incense
- Steam from water or medicine
- Inhaler

However if any of this happened against the will of the person then it does not break the fast because Allah does not bring to account the action of the man which was against his will so whoever sits next to a smoker or burning incense sticks and something entered into his chest unintentionally and not wilfully then he remains fasting and has not broken it. Also if the weather situation and humidity meant that there were water particles in the air or in a bathroom dues to steam from hot water and the one fasting breathes this in without any desire to do so, intention or wish, then he has not broken his fast. Similar to this is the dust/sand in the air which occurs in cyclones and storms so if any of this is breathed in it does not break the fast and nothing breaks the fast except for what enters with somebody’s own will and intention.


Some Actions that do not break the fast
Smells: As for what can enter the Gullet but does not have a material sensed form such as perfume and other smells whether they are pure or dislikeable they do not break the fast and enter through the sense of smell without intention or purpose. Anas Bin Maalik that he said: “The Messenger of Allah* was asked: Can the fasting person kiss? He replied: And what is wrong with that, (It’s like) the smelling of a flower”.

Al-Qublah and Al-Mubaasharah (The kiss and fondling) - ‘Aa’isha said: “The Messenger of Allah* would kiss me whilst we were both fasting”. And also from ‘Aa’isha that she said: “The Messenger of Allah* used to kiss some of his wives whilst he was fasting and then she laughed”.

Al-hujaamah (Bloodletting) is the splitting/opening of the skin in the head with a tool called a Mihjam or Mihjamah followed by the Haajim (one performing al-Hujaamah) extracting the blood from the opening when there is an abundance of blood in the body. The process of donating blood in our present time is in reality the extraction of blood from the body and where the extraction of blood is permissible and does not break the fast we therefore can say that donating blood also does not break the fast. That the wound and what accompanies it ordinarily of external bleeding whether this has resulted from fighting in the way of Allah, from a car accident, or a shooting at a wedding or argument, or falling from a high place or any other situation or circumstance all of this does not break the fast. That the process of dialysis which is the extraction of the blood from the body in a purifying process and then the returning of this purified blood into the body, does not break the fast. The extraction of blood with a needle in order for it to be examined in a laboratory is permitted and does not break the fast. The needle of a doctor does not at all break the fast whether it is for medical treatment, to give nutrients/supplements, blood or anaesthesia and whether it is in the veins. This is all as long as no substances or medicines enter directly into the respiratory and digestives systems and their organs.


Caution: As for what a person with a heart illness or has suffered a stroke places under his tongue of pills which melt gradually as a remedy when the condition is intensified, then this breaks the fast if this forms a residue that could be swallowed. If it is entirely absorbed into the blood then it could be permissible providing none enters the gullet.

As-Siwaak (miswak): Aamir Bin Rabee’a said: “I saw the Messenger of Allah (saw) performing Siwaak whilst he was fasting, (so many times that it could not be counted)” The entering of any material in the mouth does not break the fast except if a material or substance that is emitted or comes off it is swallowed and it was possible to guard from it. However if it was not possible to guard from it, like a very small insignificant amount then there is no problem with this (i.e. it does not break the fast). So established on this principle it is permissible to TASTE FOOD and the placing of a THERMOMETER in the mouth is also allowed. Also that toothpaste or dentistry work is allowed and does not break the fast as long as nothing reaches the throat of substances or materials and is swallowed.

15 June 2014 Musa (3) in the Nile River and Trojan Horse / Hoax

15 June 2014

Prophet Musa (3) thrown in the Nile River and Trojan Horse / Hoax


[Before the circle there was a follow up question about Divine Justice relating to the dream of Pharaoh which led to the killing of innocent babies.
Also, discussion about great people (Prophets) and fulfilling their potential. Comparing lessons from the story of Macbeth to lives of Prophets – regarding fulfilling their ‘destiny’!]

Prophet Musa (3) thrown in the Nile River

The story continued…:
When We revealed to your mother: "Place him into the chest and throw it into the sea and the sea will wash it up on the shore, where an enemy of Mine and his will pick it up..." (Surah Ta-Ha: 38-39)

The chest the baby Moses was placed in ('Moses basket') would have to have been watertight, designed to float. Other important factors in the basket/chest arriving in the palace of Pharaoh include:

• The speed of the current
• The blowing winds
• When in the Nile, no one found the chest
• Avoiding death by the soldiers of Pharaoh
• Pharaoh and his family at the right place at the right time to find the baby

Very difficult for the mother of Moses to throw baby into a big river – can be a mile wide!
The wife of Pharaoh fell in love with the baby and said, "A source of delight for me and for you; do not kill him. It may well be that he will be of use to us or perhaps we could adopt him as a son." They were not aware. (Surat al-Qasas: 8-9)

Prophet Musa’s* mother was concerned about her son since she did not know what had happened to him. She was about to tell everyone what happened but Allah strengthened her heart with Iman. Then she sent her daughter to keep an eye on Musa*. The baby wouldn’t be fed by anyone and then the daughter said she knew someone who could help.

"Go after him." And she kept an eye on him from afar and they were not aware. We first made him refuse all wet-nurses, so she (Moses' sister) said, "Shall I show you to a household who will feed him for you and be good to him?" That is how We returned him to his mother so that she might delight her eyes and feel no grief and so that she would know that Allah's promise is true. But most of them do not know this. (Surat al-Qasas: 10-13)

Hence, the mother had complete trust in Allah and did a difficult thing to throw the baby in the water with some sensible precautions, in order to escape the soldiers of Pharaoh. Then the baby ended up in the palace of Pharaoh but was not killed and now the baby was being brought to the real mother to be fed by her and the slave family was being paid to look after the child! The same child is then adopted by the most powerful family of the country.


Main Topic: Trojan Horse / Hoax:

Main claim:
There was effectively a terrorist style plot to take over schools following claims in an anonymous letter that hardline Muslims were trying to impose their views on a group of schools in Birmingham. So Ofsted has carried out inspections of 21 schools and other investigations took place.

Timeline:
- 7 March Anonymous unsigned letter claims apparent existence of a plot to impose hardline Muslim ethos on Birmingham schools alleged through infiltration by Islamic extremists. The Department for Education (DfE) and Birmingham City Council (BCC) confirm they are investigating
- 17 March Ofsted turns up at Park View for a snap inspection. Two years earlier the predecessor school on the site had been graded outstanding.
- 31 March The DfE says it is looking into claims that the Operation Trojan Horse plot targeted 12 schools
- 9 April The governors of Park View Educational Trust describe the ongoing investigations as a "witch-hunt"
- 14 April BCC says it is looking into allegations involving 25 schools. Council leader says he does not believe there is a "plot". West Midlands Police condemn decision to appoint a former national head of counter terrorism to carry out its investigation
- 20 April Sir Michael Wilshaw takes personal charge of Ofsted's Trojan Horse investigations
- 3 May Sir Michael says Ofsted has inspected 21 schools
- 3 June Three of the schools under investigation publish their Ofsted reports. Ninestiles and Small Heath are rated as "outstanding" and Washwood Heath as "good".
- 3 June Home Secretary writes to Michael Gove about the allegations.
- 9 June Ofsted places five schools in special measures and confirms that a sixth (which was already in special measures) is "inadequate". Sir Michael says there is evidence of an "organised campaign to target certain schools" and finds that some governors attempted to "impose and promote a narrow faith-based ideology" in secular schools.

Outcome:
Five of the 21 schools have been judged by Ofsted to be inadequate and will be put into special measures: Park View, Golden Hillock, Saltley, Oldknow and Nansen.
Lots of Islamophobia!!
Now discussion that Schools should teach something called ‘British Values’

Discussion:
* Muslims would not use a Greek reference in a letter like this
* This is a politically driven WITCH HUNT against Muslims who want to be active members of the school community, with smear campaign
* There is one rule for Muslims and one rule for others
* There is no evidence of a ‘conveyer belt’ theory where the more religious people are more likely to be involved in terrorism
* We should be proud of the educational improvement in these schools
* There may be local issues in some schools but these are not major as painted by the bias media – DON’T Believe the HYPE
* This is another one of those Random Muslim Scare Stories
* The school inspectors are now a political tool
* There has not been any plot to take over schools
* No evidence of ‘extremism’ being taught in the schools
* Muslim pupils should be proud of their Islam and not afraid to be Muslim at school
* Muslim values are better than British Values!

6 January 2013 The Chronology Of The Era Of Prophet Muhammad*

There was no Study Circle holiday for the last 2 weeks over the Christmas and New Year period.

Survey on what to do after the Seerah:
http://www.surveymonkey.com/s/R7LJWBJ

Please complete the Online Survey:
We are about to finish the Seerah of the Prophet*, InshaAllah. What we would like to know is what topic people wanted to study after this on a regular basis in Future Circles. Please vote for which things you would like to discuss during the Circle. Or give your own suggestions. This shouldn't take more than 2 minutes (InshaAllah)
Q: What topic would you like to study after the Seerah is finished?
- Lives of the first 4 Khulafah (Caliph - Islamic Leaders) = Abu Bakr, Umer, Uthman and Ali
- Lives of the Prophets (Adam to Isa/Jesus)
- Other (please specify)


The Chronology Of The Era Of Prophet Muhammad*

*: May the Peace, Blessings & Mercy of Allah be upon him

Please note that many of the dates are approximate and there is no agreement on the dates of some events. We have covered most items listed here apart from some of the minor battles (Sirayya) and expeditions of the Companions during the Medinan period.

link: http://harborneislam.blogspot.com/p/chronology-of-era-of-prophet-muhammad.html

The Meccan Period

569

Prophet Muhammad* is born (12 Rabi’ al-Awwal 53 AH /17 June 569, a Monday, or 9 Rabi’ al-Awwal 51 AH/20 Apr 571, a Monday).  The Prophet* is given to the wet nurse Halima.

574

Halima brings Prophet Muhammad* to his mother in Mecca.

575

After the death of the Prophet*’s mother, Amina, the Prophet* is brought to Mecca by his nurse Umm Ayman and given to the Prophet*’s grandfather, Abdul Muttalib.

577

The Prophet*’s grandfather, Abdulmuttalib, dies. The Prophet* is given to his uncle, Abu Talib.

578

The Prophet*’s journey to Syria with his uncle, Abu Talib. The episode of Bahira, the monk, occurs.

589

? Participation in Hilf al-Fudul, a league for the relief of the distressed.

594

Prophet Muhammad* is made responsible for the trade caravan belonging to the widow Khadijah and he leads her caravan to the city of Busra. The Prophet* marries Khadijah.

605

The Prophet* arbitrates in a dispute among the Quraish tribe about where to place the Black Stone in the Kaaba during repairs.

610

The first revelation in the cave of Mt. Hira, the revelation of the first five verses of Surat al-Alaq (27 [?] Ramadhan). The Prophet* starts the Private Phase of his Dawa by inviting selected family and friends

613

After the declaration at Mt. Sara, the Prophet* invites people to Islam, starting with his closest relatives. The Prophet* starts the Public Phase of his Dawa by open preaching in society.

614

The weak Muslims are persecuted and tortured by the Quraish.

615

The first emigration to Abyssinia.

616

The second emigration to Abyssinia. Hamza converts to Islam. Umer converts to Islam, the Prophet* and the first Muslims leave the House of Arqam.

The Hashim and Muttalib tribes meet near where Abu Talib lives to protect Prophet Muhammad*. The unbelievers start social and economic boycotts against the Muslims.

619

The boycott is lifted.

620

Abu Talib and Khadijah die (The year of sorrow).

Prophet Muhammad* is married to Sawda bint Zam‘a.(Ramadan).

The Prophet* takes a journey to Taif with Zaid b. Harisa and returns to Mecca, under the protection of Mut‘im b. Adi (Shawwal). A group of people from the Khazraj tribe in Medina meet with the Prophet* and become Muslim during the season of pilgrimage at Aqaba (Dhu al-Hijjah). The Prophet* starts the Nusrah (Support) stage of his Dawa.

621

The marriage of the Prophet* to Aisha. The Miraj (Ascension) and the prescription of the five daily prayers (27 Rajab).

First allegiance at Aqaba. Prophet Muhammad* sends Mus‘ab b. Umair to Medina to teach Islam (Dhu al-Hijjah).

622

Second allegiance at Aqaba (Dhu al-Hijjah).

The Madinan Period

1/622

After the second Aqaba allegiance Muslims start to migrate to Medina (Muharram/July). The meeting of unbelievers at Dar al-Nadwa; a decision is taken to assassinate the Prophet* (26 Safar/9 Sept). The migration of Prophet Muhammad* with Abu Bakr; they hide in the cave of Thawr (26 Safar/9 Sept). Departure from the cave of Thawr for Medina (1 Rabi’ al-Awwal/13 Sept). Arrival at Quba (8 Rabi’ al-Awwal/20 Sept). The Masjid at Quba is established (Rabi’ al-Awwal/ Sept). The Prophet* leaves Quba and performs the first Friday prayer in the valley of Ranuna, arriving in Medina on the same day and settling in the house of Abu Ayyub al-Ansari (12 Rabi’ al-Awwal/24 Sept).

The start of the construction of the Masjid al-Nabawi (Rabi’al-Awwal/Sept). First adhan for prayer is called.

1/623

The establishment of brotherhood between the emigrants and the helpers (Ansar). A census is taken in Medina. The regulation of the constitutional agreement of Medina and the establishment of the boundaries of Muslim Medina (Ramadan/March).

Permission to fight against unbelievers is granted. The night campaign (Sariyya) led by Hamza, the Is campaign (Sifulbahr) (Ramadan/March).

Completion of the construction of the Masjid al-Nabawi (Shawwal/Apr). The formation of the Suffa (porch or veranda) of the Masjid al-Nabawi.

The night campaign led by Sa‘d b. Ebu Vaqqas, the Harrar campaign (Dhu al-Qi’dah /May). The establishment of the market place in Medina.

2/623

The Prophet* fasts for Ashura; this is recommended to all Muslims (10 Muharram/14 July).

The Abva campaign (Waddan) (Safar/Aug). The Buvat campaign (Rabi’ al-Awwal/Sept).

The Ushaira campaign (Zul‘ushayra) (Jumada al-awwal /Nov).

2/624

The night raid led by the commander Abdullah b. Jahsh (Rajab/Jan).

The change of the direction of prayer (qibla) from al-Masjid al-Aqsa in Jerusalem to al-Masjid al-Haram in Mecca (Rajab/Jan).

The introduction of the mandatory Ramadan fast (Sha’aban/Feb). Start of the tarawih (nightly) prayer during the month of Ramadan (1 Ramadan/26 Feb).

The battle of Badr. (17 Ramadan/ 13 March). The revelation of Surat al-Anfal. The death of the Prophet*’s daughter Ruqiyyah (Ramadan/ Mach).

Payment of alms (fitra) at the end of Ramadan becomes mandatory (Ramadan/ March). The first Eid al-Fitr (celebration after Ramadan), and the first congregational Eid prayer (1 Shawwal /27 March).

The Bani Kaynuqa campaign (Shawwal /Apr).

The marriage of Ali and Fatima. (Dhu al-Qi’dah /May or Dhu al-Hijjah/June).

The first Eid al-Adha (celebration of sacrificing an animal - sheep,/cow) (10 Dhu al-Hijjah/3 June).

The appropriation of the cemetery of Jannat al-Baqi‘(eternal heaven) after the death of Uthman b. Maz‘un of the Muhajirun (one of the emigrants during the Hijrah) (Dhu al-Hijjah/June).

Zakat (charitable alms) is prescribed.

3/624

The marriage of Uthman and Umm Qulsum, the daughter of the Prophet* (Rabi’ al-Awwal/Aug -Sept).

The death of Ka‘b b. Ashraf (14 Rabi’ al-Awwal/4 Sept).

The Zuemer campaign (Gatafan) (Rabi’ al-Awwal/Sept). The Bani Suleym campaign (Jumada al-awwal /Nov).

3/625

The Prophet*’s marriage to Hafsa (Sha’aban/Jan). The birth of Hassan (Sha’aban/Jan-Feb or 15 Ramadan/1 March). The Prophet*’s marriage to Zaynab bint Khuzaimah (Ramadan/Feb-March).

The Uhud campaign (7 or 11 Shawwal /23 or 27 March). The Hamra al-Asad campaign (Started from Medina, 8 or 12 Shawwal /24 or 28 March).

4/625

The Raji‘ episode (the night campaign by Mersed b. Abu Mursad.) (Safar/July). The Bi’rimauna episode (Safar/July). The Bani Nadir campaign (Rabi’ al-Awwal/Aug).

First order of prohibition of wine (Rabi’ al-Awwal/Aug -Sept).

The death of Zaynab bint Khuzaimah, the Prophet*’s wife (Rabi’ al-thani/Oct).

4/626

The conversion of Bani Abs group into Islam in Medina.

The birth of Hussain (5 Sha’aban/10 Jan). The marriage of the Prophet* with Umm Salama (Shawwal/March-Apr). The death of Fatima bint Asad, mother of Ali.

5/626

The campaign of Dhar-turriqa‘ and the introduction of the salat al-khauf (prayer for fear) (10 Muharram/11 June). The campaign of Dumat al-Jandal (25 Rabi’ al-Awwal/24 Aug).

The observation of a lunar eclipse in Medina; the khusuf prayer (prayer performed at the time of an eclipse) is led by the Prophet* (Jumada al-thani/Oct). 400 people arrive from Mudhayna and convert to Islam in Medina (Rajab/Dec).

5/627

The Bani Mustaliq campaign (Sha’aban-Ramadan/Jan-Feb). The episode of ifq (slander). The marriage of the Prophet* to Juvayreya bint Kharis. A census is taken in Medina (Shawwal /Feb-March).

The Khandaq (Ditch) campaign (Ahzab) (Dhu al-Qi’dah/Apr).

The marriage of the Prophet* to Zaynab bint Jahsh; the revelation about the prohibition of adopting children (Surah al-Ahzab 33/4-5) (Dhu al-Qi’dah/Apr).

The Bani Quraizah campaign (end of Dhu al-Qi’dah /Apr).

6/627

The Bani Lihyan campaign (Rabi’ al-Awwal/July). The first night raid by Muhammed b. Maslama, the first Dhul-Qassa campaign (Rabi’ al-thani/Aug). The 2^nd night raid by Abu Ubaid b. Jarrah, the second Dhul-Qassa campaign (end of Rabi’ al-Awwal /Sept). The night raid by Zaid b. Haritha, the Tarif campaign (Jumada al-thani/Oct-Nov). The night raid by Zaid b. Haritha, the first Vadilkura campaign (Rajab/Nov-Dec).

6/628

Abdurrahman b. Auf is sent to Dumat al-Jandal (Sha’aban 6/Dec 627-Jan 628). The night raid by Zaid b. Haritha, the Madian campaign (Sha’aban 6/Dec 627-Jan 628). The night raid by Ali, the Fadak campaign (Sha’aban 6/Dec 627-Jan 628). The night raid by Zaid b. Haritha, the second Vadilkura campaign (Ramadan/Jan-Feb). The night raid by Abdullah b. Rawaha on Khaybar for reconnaissance (Ramadan/Feb).

The drought in Medina and the Prophet*’s prayer for rain. The eclipse of the sun and the Prophet*’s qusuf prayer (end of Shawwal /March).

Umra (lesser pilgrimage) is performed (Dhu al-Qi’dah/March). The visit of the Prophet* to the grave of his mother.

Baiyat al-Ridwan after the capture of Uthman when he was sent as envoy to Quraish (Dhu al-Qi’dah/Apr). The treaty of Hudaibiyah is drawn up (Dhu al-Hijjah/Apr). The revelation of Surat al-Fath.

The conversion of committees from the Bani Khuzaa, Bani Aslam and Bani Husheni to Islam in Medina.

7/628

The sending of envoys or diplomatic letters expounding Islam to foreign countries and rulers, particularly the emperors of Byzantium and Persia (Muharram/May). The Egyptian ruler sends Mariya to the Prophet* with several gifts.

Abu’l-As converts to Islam and is remarried to Zaynab, the Prophet*’s daughter (Muharram/May).

The Khaybar campaign (Muharram-Safar/May-June). Attempt by Zaynab bint Kharis to poison Prophet Muhammad*. The marriage of the Prophet* to Safiyya bint Huyayy. The death of the Prophet*’s wet nurse Suvayba.

The governor of Yemen, Bazan, converts to Islam (Jumada al-awwal /Sept).

The night raid of Vadilkura (Jumada al-thani/Oct).

Agreement with the Jews of Tihama.

The night raid by Umar, the Turaba campaign (Sha’aban/Dec).

The night raid by Abu Bakr, the Najd campaign (Sha’aban/Dec).

The night raid by Bashir b. Sa‘d, the Fadak campaign (Sha’aban/Dec).

7/629

The night raid by Galib b. Abdullah, the Meyfaa campaign (Ramadan /Jan).

Umrah is preformed (Dhu al-Qi’dah/March).

The marriage of Prophet Muhammad* to Umm Khabiba bint Abu Sufyan. The marriage of Prophet Muhammad* to Maymuna bint Kharis (Dhu al-Qi’dah/March).

8/629

The conversions of Khalid b. Walid, Amr b. As and Uthman b. Talha to Islam (1 Safar/31 May). Zaynab, the Prophet*’s daughter, dies (Safar/June).

The battle of Mutah (Jumada al-awwal/Sept). The night raid by Amr b. As, the Zatussalasil campaign (Jumada al-thani /Oct). The night raid by Abu Ubaida b. Jarrah, the Sifulbahr (Habat) campaign (Rajab /Nov).

The conversion of the Bani Sulaym and Bani Ghifaar tribes to Islam and their contribution to the conquest of Mecca under the command of Khalid b. Walid. Attempts by Abu Sufyan to maintain peace after the Quraish violate the Hudaibiyah Treaty.

8/630

Beginning of the campaign for the conquest of Mecca (13 Ramadan/4 Jan). The conquest of Mecca (20 Ramadan/11 Jan). The Bani Mahzum tribe converts to Islam.

Hisham b. As is sent to Yalamlam, Khalid b. Said to Uraina, and Khalid b. Velid to Nahla to demolish the idol of Uzza. Sa‘d b. Zaid al-Ashhali is sent to demolish the idol of Manat at Mushallal. Amr b. As is sent to demolish the idol of Suva‘ of the Bani Huzail at Ruhat. Tufeyl b. Amr ed-Dawsi is sent to demolish the idol of Zulkaffain of Amr b. Humama (Ramadan/ Jan).

The Hunayn campaign (11 Shawwal/1 Feb). The night raid by Halid b. Velid on Bani Jazima to invite them to Islam (Shawwal/Feb). The Taif campaign (Shawwal/Feb). Distribution of the loot from the battle of Hunayn (Dhu al-Qi’dah/Feb).

Prophet Muhammad* meets with the Shayma, daughter of his wet nurse, for the first time since leaving the family.

Prophet Muhammad* performs Umra (19 Dhu al-Qi’dah/10 March).

Amr b. As is sent to the rulers of Oman, and the brothers Jaifer and Abd b. Culenda as envoys (Dhu al-Qi’dah/March). Ala b. Hadrami is sent with Abu Hurairah to the ruler of Bahrain Mundhir b. Sava as an envoy.

The birth of Ibrahim, the son of Prophet Muhammad* (Dhu al-Hijjah /March - Apr). Committees from the Bani Sa‘laba, Bani Suda’, Bani Bahila, Bani Sumala, Bani Jarm, Ehabish, Bani Ak and Bani Huzail convert to Islam in Medina.

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Zakat (alms) officials are sent to some of the cities and tribes (Muharram/Apr-May).

Abbad b. Bishr is sent to the Bani Sulaim and Bani Muzaina, Rafi‘ b. Makis al-Juhani to the Bani Juhaina, Dahhak b. Sufyan al-Kilabi to the Bani Kilab, Busr b. Sufyan al-Ka‘bi to the Bani Ka‘b, Ibnu’l-Lutbiyya al-Azdi to the Bani Zubyan, Malik b. Nuvaira to the Bani Hanzale b. Malik, and Amr b. As to Fazare and Valid b. Ukba are sent to the Bani Mustaliq to collect zakat. The night raid by Uyaina b. Hisn, the Bani Tamim campaign and the conversion of the Bani Tamim tribe to Islam in Medina (Muharram/May). The night raid by Ukkasha b. Mihsan against the Bani Bali and the Bani Uzra, the Jinab campaign.

A committee from Bani Asad converts to Islam in Medina.

The organization of the first naval campaign under the command of Alkama b. Mucazziz (Rabi’ al-Awwal/Aug). The Fuls idol of the Tay tribe is destroyed by Ali.

Prophet Muhammad* leads the funeral pray of Ashame, the ruler of Abyssinia (Rajab/Oct).

The Tabuk campaign (Rajab/Oct). The destruction of Masjid al-Dirar of the hypocrites.

The campaign led by Khalid b. Walid against Abdulmalik, the leader of the Dumat al-Jandal, agreement struck between the Prophet* and Ukaidar. Committees representing the people of Jarba, Azruh, Makna, Ayla (Aqaba) and Tabuk arrive to strike a peace agreement with the Prophet*. Dihya b. Khalifa is sent from Tabuk to Byzantine emperor Heraklaios for the 2^nd time to invite him to Islam.

Umm Qulsum, the Prophet*’s daughter, dies.

Committees from the Bani Ukayl, Bani Kalb, Bani Kilab, Bani Tucib, Bani Gatafan, Bani Hanzala b. Malik, Bani Kudaa, Bali and Bani Behra convert to Islam in Medina. The Christian Bani Taghlib arrives in Medina to make a peace treaty. Ka‘b b. Zuhair converts to Islam; the Prophet* gives his cloak to Ka‘b b. Zuhair. Envoys sent by the Bani Sa‘d b. Baker tribes to Medina and convert to Islam. The Bani Juzam committee converts to Islam at Medina. The Hemyar Kings invited to Islam and they accept Islam. A committee from the Bani Hamdan, Bani Fazare, Bani Murra & the Sakif tribe convert to Islam in Taif.

Abu Sufyan and Mugira b. Shuba are sent to demolish the idol of Lat.

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The death of Abdullah b. Ubayy b. Salul, the leader of the hypocrites (Dhu al-Qi’dah/Feb).

The first Hajj (major pilgrimage) led by Abu Bakr (Dhu al-Qi’dah- Dhu al-Hijjah/March).

Ali is sent to Mecca to inform the unbelievers about the rules of the Surat al- Tawba (Dhu al-Hijjah/March).

A committee arrives from the Najran Christians in Medina and an agreement is reached with Prophet Muhammad* (Dhu al-Hijjah/Apr).

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The night raid by Khalid b. Walid, the Najran campaign and the conversion of a committee from Bani Kharis to Islam in Medina (Rabi’ al-Awwal/July). The night raid by Ali, the Yemen campaign and the conversion of the Bani Mazhij to Islam (Ramadan/Dec). Jarir b. Abdullah is sent to demolish the idol and temple of Zulhalasa.

Prophet Muhammad* submits the Holy Quran to the Angel Gabriel twice. The Prophet* retires for the last twenty days of Ramadan (Ramadan/Dec).

Committees from the Bani Azd, Abna, Bani Tay, Bani Amir b. Sa‘saa, Bani Kenda, Bani Tucib, Bani Rehaviyyin, Bani Gafek, Bani Mahra, Bani Hanifa, Bani Ans, Bani Murad, Bani Abdulkays, Bani Hilal, Bani Ruha and Bani Zubaida convert to Islam in Medina.

Musailima and the liar's correspondence with the Prophet*.

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The death of Ibrahim, the son of Prophet Muhammad* (29 Shawwal/28 Jan).

Departure from Medina for the final major pilgrimage (26 Dhu al-Qi’dah/23 Feb). The Farewell Sermon (9 Dhu al-Hijjah/7 March). The final circumambulation of the Kaaba (14 Dhu al-Hijjah/12 March Thursday).

A committee from the Bani Muhareb converts to Islam in Medina (Dhu al-Hijjah/March). The death of the Yemen governor Bazani; eleven governors are appointed to Yemen.

The revelation of Surat al-Nasr (Dhu al-Hijjah/March).

Rayhana bint Sham, the Prophet*’s wife, dies.

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A committee from the Bani Naha converts to Islam in Medina (15 Muharram/12 Apr).

Usama's army is ordered to begin (May).

The Prophet* falls ill (27 Safar/24 May Sunday).

Aswad al-Ansi, who falsely claimed to be a prophet, dies (8 Rabi’ al-Awwal /3 June).

Prophet Muhammad* dies (13 Rabi’ al-Awwal/8 June Monday).

The burial of Prophet Muhammad* (16 Rabi’ al-Awwal/11 June Tuesday).

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